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What is seasonal depression?

Seasonal depression (also known as seasonal affective disorder-SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year. It usually occurs in the fall and winter when daylight hours are minimal, but it can also develop in the spring and summer.

This form of depression is different from other types of depression due to its distinct pattern related to the seasons. However, it is, like other forms of depression, a treatable condition.

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What causes seasonal depression?

Seasonal depression is not a diagnosis but a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year. This form of depression is thought to be brought on by a combination of factors including reduced sunlight during the fall and winter months. This affects the body’s biological clock and leads to disruptions in sleep and wakefulness cycles. This in turn can affect levels of serotonin, a key mood neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep, resulting in symptoms of depression.

Genetic factors and a family history of depression can also increase the risk. People living further from the equator, where winter days are shorter, are also at higher risk of developing SAD. Aditionally, seasonal depression is more common in women and tends to start in the early adult years.


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What are the symptoms of seasonal depression?

The symptoms of seasonal depression tend to start and subside at about the same time each year. In most cases, symptoms start in late autumn or early winter and disappear during spring and summer. Others experience depressive symptoms during the spring and summer months, however this is less common.

Hallmarks of seasonal depression include a feeling of sadness or depression that is constantly present most of the day, almost every day, accompanied by a noticeable decrease in interest or pleasure in activities that are usually satisfying. Those affected feel constantly tired and experience a lack of energy to perform daily activities.

Sleep problems are common, with excessive sleepiness being most common, although insomnia can also be present. There is a tendency for changes in appetite or weight. Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, negative thoughts about oneself and one’s future, increased irritability or anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and problems with thinking clearly or making decisions are common.

Social withdrawal, a tendency to avoid social situations and isolate oneself, is also a symptom. In addition, people often experience physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches and other physical discomforts that other medical conditions cannot explain.

These symptoms can vary in intensity from mild to severe and can affect an individual’s ability to function in everyday life. If you or someone you know is experiencing these signs, it is important to seek professional help.


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Treatment for seasonal depression

Treatment for seasonal depression often involves several strategies. These strategies can be helpful individually or in combination. Here are some of the most common treatment methods:

  1. Psychotherapy: Specifically, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is helpful. CBT can help the individual identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to depression. It also helps develop strategies to manage the symptoms.
  2. Medication: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can be useful in treating seasonal depression.
  3. Vitamin D: Since lack of sunlight during the fall and winter months can lead to lower levels of vitamin D, vitamin D supplementation may sometimes be a part of treatment.
  4. Regular exercise: Physical activity can help reduce symptoms of depression by releasing endorphins in the brain that improve wellbeing.
  5. Sleep and sunlight: Maintaining a regular daily routine, especially with regard to sleep and exposure to natural light, can help stabilize the body’s biological clock and reduce symptoms.

It is important to seek out a health professional to discuss the most appropriate treatment options based on you specific needs and symptoms. A combination of treatments may be necessary to effectively manage SAD.


12 frequently asked questions about seasonal depression

What is seasonal depression?

Seasonal depression (also called seasonal affective disorder-SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year, usually during fall and winter when daylight hours are reduced. However, it can also occur in spring and summer.

What are the most common symptoms of seasonal depression?

The most common symptoms include persistent sadness, lack of energy, sleep problems, fatigue and irritability.

How is seasonal depression diagnosed?

Diagnosis of depression is usually done through interviews and assessment forms by a health professional such as a psychologist or doctor. Blood tests are also often taken to rule out other medical causes.

What causes seasonal depression?

Seasonal depression is not a diagnosis but a type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year, usually during autumn and winter when daylight hours are reduced.

How is seasonal depression treated?

Treatment options vary but often include therapy, medication and lifestyle changes. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a common form of psychological treatment.

How long is the treatment for seasonal depression?

The length of treatment can vary depending on the severity and individual needs. Some people can experience relief within a few weeks, while others need longer treatment.

Can exercise help with seasonal depression?

Yes, regular physical activity can help but often more intervention is needed. Physical activity should not replace professional care if needed.

What is the difference between major depression and seasonal depression?

Major depression is episodic, which means that you may experience periods of normal mood between episodes. Seasonal depression is a form of depression that is linked specifically to the seasons.

How does seasonal depression affect relationships?

Depression can make it difficult to maintain healthy relationships and can lead to withdrawal and reduced interest in socializing.

Is seasonal depression more common in winter?

Yes, it is more common in autumn and winter, but it can also occur in spring and summer.

Is seasonal depression more common in men or women?

Seasonal depression is more common in women.

Where can I get help?

If you experience symptoms of depression, it is important to seek professional help. Our psychologists and therapists are available for online consultations and can help you make the difficult easier. If you have thoughts of self-harm or suicidal thoughts, call 911, call or text the national suicide hotline at 988 or go to the nearest emergency room.

What is the treatment for seasonal depression?

Treatment for seasonal depression is often a combination of psychotherapy, medication and lifestyle changes, tailored to the individual’s specific needs and situation. Here are some common treatment methods:

1. Medication

Antidepressants are often a central part of treatment. The choice of medication depends on the patient’s symptoms, health status and response to previous treatments.

2. Psychotherapy

Talk therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT) and psychodynamic therapy are effective for many people. These therapies help individuals understand and manage their thoughts, feelings and behaviours that contribute to depression.

3. Lifestyle changes and self-help strategies

Physical activity, healthy eating, good sleep hygiene and stress management can play an important role in the treatment of depression. Establishing a regular routine, participating in social activities and practicing relaxation techniques such as mindfulness and meditation can also be helpful.

4. Psychotherapeutic and medical combination treatments

Often a combination of psychotherapy and medication is helpful in providing a more comprehensive treatment.

    Importantly, treatment for seasonal depression is individualized and may need to be adjusted over time. Regular follow-up with a health professional is important to monitor progress and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

    If you or someone close to you is seeking professional help for depression, do not hesitate to book a session with one of our qualified psychologists or therapists.


    Written by Sophia Coulter

    Sophia is a registered nurse with experience in inpatient, emergency and community mental health care. She has a passion for providing emergency support for those experiencing mental health crises.