Actual depression

What is major depression?

‘Major depression’ is a mental illness characterised by a deep and persistent sense of sadness or loss of interest in activities that were previously enjoyable. It is more than just a temporary feeling of sadness or low mood; it is a more serious condition that affects the person’s daily functioning and well-being.

To diagnose major depression, symptoms need to be present for at least two weeks and contribute to a change from the person’s previous level of functioning. Treatment for major depression may include psychotherapy, medication such as antidepressants, or a combination of both.

It is important to seek professional help if major depression is suspected, as it is a serious medical condition that can improve with proper treatment.

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What are the symptoms of major depression?

Major depression is characterised by mood changes such as prolonged sadness or hopelessness, loss of interest in previously valued activities, significant changes in appetite and weight, sleep problems, persistent fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, psychomotor agitation or inhibition, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. These symptoms are persistent and are a change from the person’s previous functioning.

Why do people get depressed?

Depression is a complex illness that often results from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental and psychological factors. Family history suggests that genetics may play a role. Imbalances in brain neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which affect mood and emotional stability, may be involved. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, the postpartum period, menopause or thyroid problems can trigger depression symptoms.

Certain personality traits such as low self-esteem and pessimism or increased sensitivity to stress can make individuals more likely to develop depression. Traumatic or stressful events such as the loss of a loved one, financial problems or major life changes can also trigger the illness.

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Long-term or serious illnesses such as heart disease or cancer can increase the risk. Substance abuse of alcohol, drugs and some medicines can contribute to or worsen depression. Social and environmental factors such as isolation, lack of social support and difficult life situations such as unemployment or domestic abuse can also contribute.

It is important to understand that depression is an illness and not a sign of weakness or lack of willpower. Effective treatments, including therapy, medication and lifestyle changes, are available to help people suffering from depression. If you feel less joy in life and more sadness, it may be wise to seek professional help for support and advice.

Criteria for major depression

Major depression, or major depressive disorder, is diagnosed according to DSM-5 when an individual experiences at least one depressive episode lasting at least two weeks and involving either a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities. Diagnosis requires the presence of five or more specific symptoms such as significant weight changes, sleep problems, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, impaired ability to think or concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

These symptoms must cause clinically significant suffering or disability and cannot be explained by other medical conditions or substance use. In addition, the symptoms should not be better explained by other mental disorders such as schizophrenia. The diagnosis should be made by a qualified health professional.

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The difference between major depression and dysthymia

Major depression is characterised by intense and acute depressive symptoms such as deep sadness and loss of interest, and these symptoms usually last for at least two weeks. This type of depression is episodic, meaning that individuals may experience periods of normal mood between episodes.

Dysthymia is less intense but more chronic and long-lasting. Its symptoms, such as low energy and lack of happiness, extend over a longer period of time, usually for at least two years for adults. While major depression involves more severe symptoms for shorter periods, dysthymia is less intense but more persistent, often affecting the person’s daily functioning for longer periods of time. Both conditions require professional treatment.

Treatment for major depression

Treatment for major depression, also known as clinical depression or major depressive disorder, usually involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication and lifestyle changes. The treatment plan may vary depending on the individual’s specific symptoms, severity and other personal factors. Here are some of the most common treatment methods:

1. Medication: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and other types, are often used to treat chemical imbalances in the brain that are associated with depression.
2. Psychotherapy: Talk therapy, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and psychodynamic therapy, can be effective in helping individuals manage their emotions, build coping strategies, and understand the underlying causes of their depression.
3. Lifestyle changes: Lifestyle changes, such as regular physical activity, healthy diet, adequate sleep and stress management techniques, can also play an important role in treating depression.
4. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): For severe cases of depression that do not respond to other treatments, ECT may be an option. This treatment involves electrical impulses sent to the brain under general anesthesia to trigger brief seizures.
5. Mindfulness and relaxation techniques: Mindfulness meditation, yoga and other relaxation techniques can help reduce depression symptoms and improve mood.

It is important that treatment for depression is tailored to the individual’s needs and is supervised by a qualified health professional. Treatment may need to be adjusted over time to find the best treatment for the individual client.